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LNMP架构 (Ⅱ)——nginx相关配置、nginx代理
阅读量:5926 次
发布时间:2019-06-19

本文共 25365 字,大约阅读时间需要 84 分钟。

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LNMP架构 (Ⅱ)

六、Nginx默认虚拟主机

在Nginx中也有默认虚拟主机,跟httpd类似,第一个被Nginx加载的虚拟主机就是默认主机,但和httpd不相同的地方是,它还有一个配置用来标记默认虚拟主机,也就是说,如果没有这个标记,第一个虚拟主机为默认虚拟主机。

编辑nginx.conf主配置文件

[root@ying01 ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/[root@ying01 conf]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

具体看下图操作:

创建vhost目录,并新建aaa.com.conf默认虚拟主机配置内容;

[root@ying01 conf]# pwd/usr/local/nginx/conf[root@ying01 conf]# mkdir vhost               //创建vhost目录[root@ying01 conf]# cd vhost/[root@ying01 vhost]# ls[root@ying01 vhost]# vim aaa.com.conf        以下为aaa.com.conf内容:server    {        listen 80 default_server;                  //默认虚拟主机服务        server_name aaa.com;                       //主机名 aaa.com        index index.html index.htm index.php;      //定义索引页        root /data/wwwroot/default;                //默认虚拟主机网站目录    }

创建默认的网站目录

[root@ying01 vhost]# mkdir /data/wwwroot/default[root@ying01 vhost]# cd /data/wwwroot/default/[root@ying01 default]# vim index.html                    //建立index.html文件以下为index.html 内容:this is the default site.

检测语法,重新加载配置文件;测试相关网站;任意的域名,都会指向默认主机的网站名;

[root@ying01 default]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -tnginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is oknginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful[root@ying01 default]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload[root@ying01 default]# curl localhost                   //访问主机this is the default site.[root@ying01 default]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 aaa.com      //访问主机名aaa.comthis is the default site.[root@ying01 default]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 ddd.com      //任意的域名,都指向主机名this is the default site.[root@ying01 default]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 qq.comthis is the default site.

查看主配置文件;

[root@ying01 default]# tail /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf    tcp_nodelay on;    gzip on;    gzip_min_length 1k;    gzip_buffers 4 8k;    gzip_comp_level 5;    gzip_http_version 1.1;    gzip_types text/plain application/x-javascript text/css text/htm     application/xml;    include vhost/*.conf;}

最后一行就是包含了默认主机的配置,也可以把默认主机配置内容放置到下面,效果是一样的;

** include vhost/*.conf** 相当于一个虚拟主机的配置内容的模块,

七、Nginx用户认证

[root@ying01 default]# cd -/usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost[root@ying01 vhost]# lsaaa.com.conf[root@ying01 vhost]# vim test.com.conf以下为增加的配置内容....server{   listen 80;   server_name test.com;   index index.html index.htm index.php;   root /data/wwwroot/test.com;                   //网站目录   location /     {       auth_basic         "Auth";       auth_basic_user_file  /usr/local/nginx/conf/htpasswd;     }}

创建用户;

由于nginx没有自带创建用户的工具,因此需要借助httpd工具;假如没有,则用此命令 yum install -y httpd;因为本机已经安装,因此直接执行;

[root@ying01 vhost]# /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/htpasswd -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/htpasswd yingNew password:                                                        //设置密码位www123Re-type new password: Adding password for user ying[root@ying01 vhost]# cat /usr/local/nginx/conf/htpasswd              //查看密码生成文件ying:$apr1$I3caHAA/$wMALhLwm.1FKdqqJQZj0h0[root@ying01 vhost]# /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/htpasswd  /usr/local/nginx/conf/htpasswd feng  //继续创建用户New password: Re-type new password: Adding password for user feng[root@ying01 vhost]# cat /usr/local/nginx/conf/htpasswd             //此时有两个密码文件生成ying:$apr1$JRTvjHxp$idElRt2smV.wCQImpZ04w0feng:$apr1$7kZQZ4VM$2O8ncLmdmqAsyrcvrZ3tH.

测试

测试前需要检查语法错误,以及重新加载配置文件;

[root@ying01 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -tnginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is oknginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful[root@ying01 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@ying01 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com 401 Authorization Required   //出现401码,需要用户认证

401 Authorization Required


nginx/1.4.7
[root@ying01 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com -IHTTP/1.1 401 UnauthorizedServer: nginx/1.4.7Date: Thu, 05 Jul 2018 11:52:40 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 194Connection: keep-aliveWWW-Authenticate: Basic realm="Auth"

用户认证测试主机

[root@ying01 vhost]# curl -uying:www123 -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com404 Not Found

404 Not Found


nginx/1.4.7
[root@ying01 vhost]# ls /data/wwwroot/test.comls: 无法访问/data/wwwroot/test.com: 没有那个文件或目录[root@ying01 vhost]# mkdir /data/wwwroot/test.com[root@ying01 vhost]# echo "test.com" > /data/wwwroot/test.com/index.html[root@ying01 vhost]# curl -uying:www123 -x127.0.0.1:80 test.comtest.com[root@ying01 vhost]# curl -uying:www123 -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com -IHTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginx/1.4.7Date: Thu, 05 Jul 2018 12:02:26 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 9Last-Modified: Thu, 05 Jul 2018 11:58:32 GMTConnection: keep-aliveETag: "5b3e07e8-9"Accept-Ranges: bytes

有时候我们需要对某个访问目录或者页面进行认证,而不是全站。所以我们需要对配置文件进行更改:

[root@ying01 vhost]# vim test.com.conf 以下为更改的配置内容....server{   listen 80;   server_name test.com;   index index.html index.htm index.php;   root /data/wwwroot/test.com;   location  /admin/                            //注意增加了/admin/目录     {       auth_basic         "Auth";       auth_basic_user_file  /usr/local/nginx/conf/htpasswd;     }}

开始测试某个目录

[root@ying01 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -tnginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is oknginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful[root@ying01 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload[root@ying01 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test.comtest.com[root@ying01 vhost]# mkdir /data/wwwroot/test.com/admin[root@ying01 vhost]# echo "test.com admin dir" > /data/wwwroot/test.com/admin/index.html[root@ying01 vhost]# curl -uying:www123 -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com/admin/test.com admin dir
[root@ying01 vhost]# vim test.com.conf 以下为更改的配置内容....server{   listen 80;   server_name test.com;   index index.html index.htm index.php;   root /data/wwwroot/test.com;   location  ~ admin.php          //注意:此处有更改;表示根目录下的admin.php文件     {       auth_basic         "Auth";       auth_basic_user_file  /usr/local/nginx/conf/htpasswd;     }}
[root@ying01 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -tnginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is oknginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful[root@ying01 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload[root@ying01 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com/admin/             //此时不需要用户认证test.com admin dir[root@ying01 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com/admin.php            401 Authorization Required                //此时需要用户认证

401 Authorization Required


nginx/1.4.7

总结:

  • location /:针对整个目录做认证

也可以针对某一个目录或url做认证,比如:

  • location /admin/:针对admin目录做认证
  • location ~ admin.php:针对某个请求的url做认证

auth_basic_user_file:用户认证文件

八、Nginx域名重定向

当我们站点有多个域名的时候,权重降低了,但是之前的域名已经被一部分人所依赖了,也不可能去通知大家新的站点,所以我们就会选择一个主域名其它的均302跳转过来!

[root@ying01 vhost]# vim test.com.conf 以下为更改的配置内容....server{   listen 80;   server_name test.com test2.com test3.com;   index index.html index.htm index.php;   root /data/wwwroot/test.com;   if ($host != 'test.com') {       rewrite ^/(.*)$  http://test.com/$1 permanent;   //永久跳转   }}

permanent:永久跳转,也就是301

redirect:临时跳转,302

在Nginx配置在,server_name后面可以跟多个域名,permanent为永久重定向,相当于httpd的R=301.另外还有一个常用的redirect,相当于httpd的R=302.

[root@ying01 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test2.com/index.html -IHTTP/1.1 301 Moved PermanentlyServer: nginx/1.4.7Date: Thu, 05 Jul 2018 12:38:40 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 184Connection: keep-aliveLocation: http://test.com/index.html           //重定向test[root@ying01 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test3.com/index.html -IHTTP/1.1 301 Moved PermanentlyServer: nginx/1.4.7Date: Thu, 05 Jul 2018 12:38:47 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 184Connection: keep-aliveLocation: http://test.com/index.html           //重定向test[root@ying01 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.baidu.com/index.html    //重定向于默认虚拟主机

九、Nginx日志

9.1 Nginx访问日志

nginx日志的选项:

名词 释义
$remote_addr 客户端ip(公网ip)
$http_x_forwarded_for 代理服务器的ip
$time_local 服务器本地时间
$host 访问主机名(域名)
$request_uri 访问的url地址
$status 状态码
$http_referer referer
$http_user_agent user_agent

在nginx主配置文件定义日志的,其中combined_realip为日志的名称,这个名称可以自定义,比如这里自定义为 ying

[root@ying01 vhost]# vim ../nginx.conf

在nginx主配置文件里,按下图并定义日志名称

在虚拟主机配置文件里,定义日志目录和格式、名称;

[root@ying01 vhost]# vim test.com.conf 以下为更改的配置内容....server{   listen 80;   server_name test.com test2.com test3.com;   index index.html index.htm index.php;   root /data/wwwroot/test.com;   if ($host != 'test.com') {       rewrite ^/(.*)$  http://test.com/$1 permanent;   }   access_log /tmp/test.com.log ying;           //定义日志格式 和目录}

检测、加载配置后,进行测试;

[root@ying01 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -tnginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is oknginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful[root@ying01 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload[root@ying01 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test3.com/index.html -I HTTP/1.1 301 Moved PermanentlyServer: nginx/1.4.7Date: Thu, 05 Jul 2018 13:02:43 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 184Connection: keep-aliveLocation: http://test.com/index.html            [root@ying01 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test2.com/index.html -I HTTP/1.1 301 Moved PermanentlyServer: nginx/1.4.7Date: Thu, 05 Jul 2018 13:02:47 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 184Connection: keep-aliveLocation: http://test.com/index.html[root@ying01 vhost]# cat /tmp/test.com.log              //查看生成的日志127.0.0.1 - [05/Jul/2018:21:02:43 +0800] test3.com "/index.html" 301 "-" "curl/7.29.0"   //依次为日志格式127.0.0.1 - [05/Jul/2018:21:02:47 +0800] test2.com "/index.html" 301 "-" "curl/7.29.0"[root@ying01 vhost]#

9.2 Nginx日志切割

由于Nginx不像Apache有自己的切割工具,在此我们需要写个脚本完成需求:

[root@ying01 vhost]# vim /usr/local/sbin/nginx_logrotate.sh以下为脚本内容:#! /bin/bashd=`date -d "-1 day" +%Y%m%d`logdir="/tmp/"                        //假设nginx的日志存放路径为/tmp/nginx_pid="/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid"cd $logdirfor log in `ls *.log`do    mv $log $log-$ddone/bin/kill -HUP `cat $nginx_pid`

脚本语句解释:

d=date -d "-1 day" +%Y%m%d;生成昨天的日期

[root@ying01 vhost]# date -d "-1 day" +%Y%m%d   //执行这个语句,可以得出答案20180704[root@ying01 vhost]# date2018年 07月 05日 星期四 21:07:49 CST
for log in ls *.log do mv $log $log-$d done

这是一个for循环,把ls列举的log文件,执行以日期格式的重命名

nginx_pid=”/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid”; 就是为了最后一行而设定的。

/bin/kill -HUP cat $nginx_pid

最后一行的意思和之前使用的 -s reload 是一个意思 重载nginx.pid,然后就会再次生成一个新的日志文件。否则不生成日志文件

sh -x 脚本详细执行过程:

[root@ying01 vhost]# sh -x /usr/local/sbin/nginx_logrotate.sh++ date -d '-1 day' +%Y%m%d+ d=20180704+ logdir=/tmp/+ nginx_pid=/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid+ cd /tmp/++ ls php_errors.log test.com.log+ for log in '`ls *.log`'+ mv php_errors.log php_errors.log-20180704+ for log in '`ls *.log`'+ mv test.com.log test.com.log-20180704++ cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid+ /bin/kill -HUP 913

查看生成的test.com日志

[root@ying01 vhost]# ls /tmp/pearphp_errors.log-20180704php-fcgi.socksystemd-private-94cc0dd6651e4992848100fb05207857-chronyd.service-1zARDSsystemd-private-94cc0dd6651e4992848100fb05207857-vgauthd.service-0jUT25systemd-private-94cc0dd6651e4992848100fb05207857-vmtoolsd.service-zegNFjtest.com.logtest.com.log-20180704

日志清理

删除超过一个月的日志(当然这个也可以写在脚本里面)

[root@ying01 vhost]# find /tmp/ -name *.log-* -type f -mtime +30 |xargs rm

创建执行脚本的计划:比如:每天0时0分进行切割

[root@ying01 vhost]# crontab -eno crontab for root - using an empty onecrontab: installing new crontab以下为创建的crontab内容:0 0 * * * /usr/local/sbin/nginx_log_rotate.sh     //每天的0时0分执行此脚本

扩展:

9.3 静态文件不记录到日志和过期时间

虚拟主机配置文件location~可以指定对应的静态文件,expires配置过期时间,而access_log 配置为off就可以不记录访问日志了

  • 配置文件

按以下设置虚拟主机配置文件;

[root@ying01 vhost]# vim test.com.conf 以下为更改的配置内容....server{   listen 80;   server_name test.com test2.com test3.com;   index index.html index.htm index.php;   root /data/wwwroot/test.com;   if ($host != 'test.com') {       rewrite ^/(.*)$  http://test.com/$1 permanent;   }   location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$     //匹配.gif等格式的静态文件不计入日志    {          expires      7d;                        //有效期7天          access_log off;                         //不记录日志    }location ~ .*\.(js|css)$                          //匹配js或者css文件    {          expires      12h;                       //有效期12小时          access_log off;    }   access_log /tmp/test.com.log ying;}
  • 测试

在网站test.com目录下,创建gif和css文件

[root@ying01 vhost]# cd /data/wwwroot/test.com/[root@ying01 test.com]# lsadmin  index.html[root@ying01 test.com]# vim 1.gif[root@ying01 test.com]# vim 2.css

现在开始访问,然后看生成的日志;从下面试验,可以看出日志不记录gif及css文件;

[root@ying01 test.com]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -tnginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is oknginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful[root@ying01 test.com]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload[root@ying01 test.com]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com/1.gifaaaaaaaa[root@ying01 test.com]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com/2.cssbbbbbbbbb[root@ying01 test.com]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com/index.htmltest.com[root@ying01 test.com]# cat /tmp/test.com.log127.0.0.1 - [05/Jul/2018:23:33:01 +0800] test.com "/index.html" 200 "-" "curl/7.29.0"[root@ying01 test.com]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 test.com/2.cssbbbbbbbbb[root@ying01 test.com]# cat /tmp/test.com.log127.0.0.1 - [05/Jul/2018:23:33:01 +0800] test.com "/index.html" 200 "-" "curl/7.29.0"

十、Nginx防盗链

防盗链代码,里面包含过期时间;

location ~* ^.*(gif|jpg|png|swf|flv|rar|zip|doc|pdf|gz|bz2|jpeg|bmp|xls)$ {      expires 7d;      valid_referers none blocked server_names *.test.com;      if ($invalid_refere) {          return 403;      }      access_log off;   }

把此代码,放入虚拟主机配置中;

[root@ying01 ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/test.com.conf server{   listen 80;   server_name test.com test2.com test3.com;   index index.html index.htm index.php;   root /data/wwwroot/test.com;   if ($host != 'test.com') {       rewrite ^/(.*)$  http://test.com/$1 permanent;   }   location ~* ^.*(gif|jpg|png|swf|flv|rar|zip|doc|pdf|gz|bz2|jpeg|bmp|xls)$ {      expires 7d;                                                  //包含过期时间      valid_referers none blocked server_names *.test.com;         //定义白名单      if ($invalid_referer) {                                      //条件语句,是否匹配白名单          return 403;                                              //不符合,无效的引用者,则返回403;      }      access_log off;                                                  } location ~ .*\.(js|css)$    {    #      expires      12h;          access_log off;    }            access_log /tmp/test.com.log ying;}

检查语句,并加载配置文件

[root@ying01 ~]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -tnginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is oknginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful[root@ying01 ~]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload

测试,针对有效referer和无效referer的对比;

[root@ying01 ~]# curl -e "http://www.qq.com/1.txt" -x127.0.0.1:80 -I test.com/1.gifHTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden                            //无效refer,返回403Server: nginx/1.4.7         Date: Fri, 06 Jul 2018 00:48:58 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 168Connection: keep-aliveroot@ying01 ~]# curl -e "http://xx.test.com/1.txt" -x127.0.0.1:80 -I test.com/1.gifHTTP/1.1 200 OK                                   //白名单的referServer: nginx/1.4.7Date: Fri, 06 Jul 2018 00:51:19 GMTContent-Type: image/gifContent-Length: 10Last-Modified: Thu, 05 Jul 2018 15:29:40 GMTConnection: keep-aliveETag: "5b3e3964-a"Expires: Fri, 13 Jul 2018 00:51:19 GMTCache-Control: max-age=604800Accept-Ranges: bytes

十一、Nginx访问控制

为了提高安全性,我们需要将某些页面加密处理!

11.1 针对某个目录设置

访问控制的核心代码;

location /admin/             //在admin目录下操作{    allow 127.0.0.1;    allow 192.168.112.136;     deny all;}

把此代码,放入虚拟主机配置中;

[root@ying01 ~]# !vimvim /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/test.com.conf server{   listen 80;   server_name test.com test2.com test3.com;   index index.html index.htm index.php;   root /data/wwwroot/test.com;   if ($host != 'test.com') {       rewrite ^/(.*)$  http://test.com/$1 permanent;   }location ~* ^.*(gif|jpg|png|swf|flv|rar|zip|doc|pdf|gz|bz2|jpeg|bmp|xls)$ {      expires 7d;      valid_referers none blocked server_names *.test.com;      if ($invalid_referer) {          return 403;      }      access_log off;   }location ~ .*\.(js|css)$    {    #      expires      12h;          access_log off;    }    location /admin/    {     #allow 127.0.0.1;        //注意不执行,可以测试的时候做对比      allow 192.168.72.130;      deny all;    }       access_log /tmp/test.com.log ying;}

检查语句,并加载配置文件

[root@ying01 ~]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -tnginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is oknginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful[root@ying01 ~]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload

测试,通过允许192.1638.112.136和禁止127.0.0.1来做实验,这两个IP主机都能连接到;

[root@ying01 ~]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 -I test.com/admin/HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden                    //禁止访问,因为这个IP禁止Server: nginx/1.4.7Date: Fri, 06 Jul 2018 01:30:37 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 168Connection: keep-alive[root@ying01 ~]# curl -x192.168.112.136:80 -I test.com/admin/HTTP/1.1 200 OK                           //这个IP可以访问Server: nginx/1.4.7Date: Fri, 06 Jul 2018 01:32:18 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 19Last-Modified: Thu, 05 Jul 2018 12:09:55 GMTConnection: keep-aliveETag: "5b3e0a93-13"Accept-Ranges: bytes

11.2 针对目录下的某类文件

这里主要是为了防止上传php文件,以免造成木马文件,影响安全;

在上传目录upload和image,禁止.php的文件;

location ~ .*(upload|image)/.*\.php$    {        deny all;    }

把此代码,放入虚拟主机配置中;

[root@ying01 ~]# !vimvim /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/test.com.conf server{   listen 80;   server_name test.com test2.com test3.com;   index index.html index.htm index.php;   root /data/wwwroot/test.com;   if ($host != 'test.com') {       rewrite ^/(.*)$  http://test.com/$1 permanent;   }location ~* ^.*(gif|jpg|png|swf|flv|rar|zip|doc|pdf|gz|bz2|jpeg|bmp|xls)$ {      expires 7d;      valid_referers none blocked server_names *.test.com;      if ($invalid_referer) {          return 403;      }      access_log off;   }location ~ .*\.(js|css)$    {    #      expires      12h;          access_log off;    }    location /admin/    {     #allow 127.0.0.1;             allow 192.168.72.130;      deny all;    }    location ~ .*(upload|image)/.*\.php$          //匹配.php文件    {        deny all;                                 //禁止    }       access_log /tmp/test.com.log ying;}

检查语句,并加载配置文件

[root@ying01 ~]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -tnginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is oknginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful[root@ying01 ~]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload

测试:在upload目录下,分别创建1.txt和1.php文件,能够访问1.txt,不能够访问1.php;

[root@ying01 ~]# echo "1111" > /data/wwwroot/test.com/upload/1.php[root@ying01 ~]# echo "2222" > /data/wwwroot/test.com/upload/1.txt[root@ying01 ~]# curl -x192.168.112.136:80 test.com/upload/1.php403 Forbidden

403 Forbidden


nginx/1.4.7
[root@ying01 ~]# curl -x192.168.112.136:80 test.com/upload/1.txt2222

11.3 根据user-agent限制

不想被蜘蛛爬自己的网站,我们完全可以根据user-agent去禁止掉

禁止相关的user-agent,访问网站;

if ($http_user_agent ~ 'Spider/3.0|YoudaoBot|Tomato'){      return 403;}

把此代码,放入虚拟主机配置中;

[root@ying01 ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/test.com.conf server{   listen 80;   server_name test.com test2.com test3.com;   index index.html index.htm index.php;   root /data/wwwroot/test.com;   if ($host != 'test.com') {       rewrite ^/(.*)$  http://test.com/$1 permanent;   }location ~* ^.*(gif|jpg|png|swf|flv|rar|zip|doc|pdf|gz|bz2|jpeg|bmp|xls)$ {      expires 7d;      valid_referers none blocked server_names *.test.com;      if ($invalid_referer) {          return 403;      }      access_log off;   }location ~ .*\.(js|css)$    {    #      expires      12h;          access_log off;    }    location /admin/    {     #allow 127.0.0.1;             allow 192.168.72.130;      deny all;    }    location ~ .*(upload|image)/.*\.php$              {        deny all;                                     }    if ($http_user_agent ~ 'Spider/3.0|YoudaoBot|Tomato') //user_agent匹配'Spider/3.0|YoudaoBot|Tomato    {      return 403;    }   access_log /tmp/test.com.log ying;}

检查语句,并加载配置文件

[root@ying01 ~]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -tnginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is oknginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful[root@ying01 ~]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload

测试user_agent,不同值的试验

[root@ying01 ~]# curl -A "Tomato" -x192.168.112.136:80 test.com/upload/1.txt -IHTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden                        //user_agent为Tomato,禁止访问Server: nginx/1.4.7Date: Fri, 06 Jul 2018 02:47:01 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 168Connection: keep-alive[root@ying01 ~]# curl -A "Spider/3.0" -x192.168.112.136:80 test.com/upload/1.txt -IHTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden                        //user_agent为Spider/3.0,禁止访问Server: nginx/1.4.7Date: Fri, 06 Jul 2018 02:47:40 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 168Connection: keep-alive[root@ying01 ~]# curl -A "123456" -x192.168.112.136:80 test.com/upload/1.txt -IHTTP/1.1 200 OK                              //user_agent为除设置的3个外,任意指定,可以访问Server: nginx/1.4.7Date: Fri, 06 Jul 2018 02:47:54 GMTContent-Type: text/plainContent-Length: 5Last-Modified: Fri, 06 Jul 2018 02:31:59 GMTConnection: keep-aliveETag: "5b3ed49f-5"Accept-Ranges: bytes

十二、Nginx解析php相关配置

先创建一个3.php文件;

[root@ying01 ~]# vim /data/wwwroot/test.com/3.php

测试这个3.php文件,此时不能够解析;

[root@ying01 ~]# curl -x192.168.112.136:80 test.com/3.php 

解析php文件的配置文件

location ~ \.php$      {        include fastcgi_params;        fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-fcgi.sock;        fastcgi_index index.php;        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /data/wwwroot/test.com$fastcgi_script_name;      }

把此代码,放入虚拟主机配置中;

[root@ying01 ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/test.com.conf server{   listen 80;   server_name test.com test2.com test3.com;   index index.html index.htm index.php;   root /data/wwwroot/test.com;   if ($host != 'test.com') {       rewrite ^/(.*)$  http://test.com/$1 permanent;   }location ~* ^.*(gif|jpg|png|swf|flv|rar|zip|doc|pdf|gz|bz2|jpeg|bmp|xls)$ {      expires 7d;      valid_referers none blocked server_names *.test.com;      if ($invalid_referer) {          return 403;      }      access_log off;   }location ~ .*\.(js|css)$    {    #      expires      12h;          access_log off;    }    location /admin/    {     #allow 127.0.0.1;             allow 192.168.72.130;      deny all;    }    location ~ .*(upload|image)/.*\.php$              {        deny all;                                     }    if ($http_user_agent ~ 'Spider/3.0|YoudaoBot|Tomato')     {      return 403;    }    location ~ \.php$      {        include fastcgi_params;        fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-fcgi.sock;        fastcgi_index index.php;        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /data/wwwroot/test.com$fastcgi_script_name;      }       access_log /tmp/test.com.log ying;}

检查语句,并加载配置文件

[root@ying01 ~]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -tnginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is oknginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful[root@ying01 ~]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload

由于用curl测试,篇幅过长,在浏览器测试:从下图可以看出能够解析php

解析php代码释义:

其中fastcgi_pass用来指定php-fpm的地址,如果php-fpm监听的是一个tcp:port的地址(比如127.0.0.1:9000),那么也需要在这里改成fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000。这个地址一定要和php-fpm服务监听的地址匹配,否是会报502错误.还有一个地方要注意fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME 后面跟的路径为该站点的根目录,和前面定义的root那个路径保持一致,如果这里配置不对,访问PHP页面会出现404;还有一种502的现象,如果内存中出现大量的php-fpm进程占据了内存,也会同样导致此问题!

十三、Nginx代理

原理:Nginx代理是一种反向代理。反向代理(Reverse Proxy)方式是指以代理服务器来接受Internet上的连接请求,然后将请求转发给内部网络上的服务器;并将从服务器上得到的结果返回给Internet上请求连接的客户端,此时代理服务器对外就表现为一个服务器。

假如这家公司有很多台服务器,为了节省成本,不能为所有的服务器都分配公网IP,而如果一个没有公网的IP的复为其要提供web服务,就可以通过代理来实现,这就是 Nginx比httpd越来越受欢迎的原因

创建proxy.conf配置文件,写入以下代码;

[root@ying01 ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost[root@ying01 vhost]# vim proxy.confserver{    listen 80;    server_name ask.apelearn.com;    location /    {        proxy_pass      http://47.91.145.78/;        proxy_set_header Host   $host;        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP      $remote_addr;        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;    }}

因为是代理服务器所以不需要访问本地服务器的任何文件; ask.apelearn.com; 定义一个域名;

proxy_pass

$host; 也就是咱们的server_name

检查语句,并加载配置文件

[root@ying01 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -tnginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is oknginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful[root@ying01 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload

开始测试:127.0.0.1就是自己的代理机,访问论坛

[root@ying01 vhost]#  curl -x127.0.0.1:80 ask.apelearn.com -IHTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginx/1.4.7Date: Fri, 06 Jul 2018 03:50:53 GMTContent-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8Connection: keep-aliveX-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.3P3P: CP="CURa ADMa DEVa PSAo PSDo OUR BUS UNI PUR INT DEM STA PRE COM NAV OTC NOI DSP COR"Set-Cookie: ape__Session=tki4271fdrd4nup0jbdco33b63; path=/; domain=.apelearn.comExpires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMTCache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0Pragma: no-cachemyheader: web1

测试网站的robots

[root@ying01 vhost]#  curl ask.apelearn.com/robots.txt## robots.txt for MiWen#User-agent: *Disallow: /?/admin/Disallow: /?/people/Disallow: /?/question/Disallow: /account/Disallow: /app/Disallow: /cache/Disallow: /install/Disallow: /models/Disallow: /crond/run/Disallow: /search/Disallow: /static/Disallow: /setting/Disallow: /system/Disallow: /tmp/Disallow: /themes/Disallow: /uploads/Disallow: /url-*Disallow: /views/Disallow: /*/ajax/[root@ying01 vhost]#

转载于:https://my.oschina.net/u/3851633/blog/1841084

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